02531nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015300041210006900194300001200263490000800275520183400283653001502117653001402132653002402146653001602170653001502186100002402201700002402225700002502249856005102274 2019 eng d00aMolecular phylogenetics and evolution of generic diagnostic morphological features in the doryctine wasp tribe Rhaconotini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)0 aMolecular phylogenetics and evolution of generic diagnostic morp a164-1710 v2793 a

The doryctine tribe Rhaconotini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a cosmopolitan group of parasitoid wasps that currently comprises 13 valid genera. Despite the extensive taxonomic studies carried out for this tribe, its generic limits are still unclear due to the considerable variation of its diagnostic morphological features. Here we assessed the evolutionary relationships among representative species of eight rhaconotine genera based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. We also performed ancestral character reconstruction analyses of morphological features that are diagnostic at the genus level and assessed the times of origin and main diversification events in the tribe. The Rhaconotini was significantly supported as monophyletic. The widely distributed, speciose genus Rhaconotus Ruthe as well as Ipodoryctes Granger were recovered as non-monophyletic. Rhaconotus species with five visible metasomal tergites were nested in a single clade with the monotypic Aptenobracon Marsh, which also has this morphological feature. Most Rhaconotus species with six or more visible tergites were intermingled with other Oriental and Afrotropical genera that share this condition. The ancestral character reconstruction analyses of the remaining morphological features showed that they probably were gained and lost repeatedly during the evolution of the group. The origin and early diversification events in the Rhaconotini were estimated to occur during the late Eocene to mid-Miocene. Our results highlight the importance of assessing the evolution of diagnostic morphological features to improve the supraspecific classification of insect taxa with extensive morphological homoplasy.

10aBraconidae10aHomoplasy10amolecular phylogeny10aRhaconotini10aRhaconotus1 aJasso-Martinez, J.M1 aBelokobylskij, S.A.1 aZaldivar-Riveron, A. uhttps://doryctinaekey.myspecies.info/node/194102328nas a2200205 4500008004100000245020500041210006900246520154800315653001401863653001401877653002401891653002401915100002501939700002401964700002201988700002102010700002102031700001902052856005102071 2017 eng d00aSpecies delimitation, global phylogeny and historical biogeography of the parasitoid wasp genus Spathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae) reveal multiple Oligocene– Miocene intercontinental dispersal events0 aSpecies delimitation global phylogeny and historical biogeograph3 a

Phylogenetic studies of globally distributed taxa are crucial to estimate the mode and tempo of common intercontinental biogeographic processes. However, few of these studies have focused on invertebrates, mainly because their taxonomy and species richness generally are highly neglected. Here we performed a morphological and mtDNA sequence-based species delineation analysis for 111 specimens of the cosmopolitan, speciose parasitoid wasp genus Spathius (Braconidae) and assessed its phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography adding two nuclear markers. Seventy-one species of Spathius were delimited. Neither the monophyly of Spathiini, Spathius, nor its species groups were recovered. Based on the relaxed molecular clock and ancestral area reconstruction analyses, the Oriental appears as the most plausible region of origin for Spathius, whereas various intercontinental dispersal events probably played an important role in its species diversification. At least three and two dispersal events from the Oriental to the Ethiopian and Australian regions, respectively, were estimated to occur during the late Oligocene to mid-Miocene, c. 25–15 Mya. Dispersal to the Palaearctic and Nearctic from the Ethiopian region probably occurred during the early Miocene, c. 20 Mya. Our results overall reflect that the worldwide distribution of Spathius was acquired early in the evolutionary history of the lineage.

10aCOI mtDNA10adispersal10amolecular phylogeny10aSpecies delineation1 aZaldivar-Riveron, A.1 aBelokobylskij, S.A.1 aMeza-Lazaro, R.N.1 aPedraza-Lara, C.1 aGarcia-Paris, M.1 aMeseguer, A.S. uhttps://doryctinaekey.myspecies.info/node/194002606nas a2200265 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140300001200209490000700221520178700228653001502015653002402030653001502054653001502069653002402084653002302108653003402131100002502165700002402190700001902214700001902233700001902252700001902271856005002290 2007 eng d00aA single origin of gall association in a group of parasitic wasps with disparate morphologies.0 asingle origin of gall association in a group of parasitic wasps  a981-9920 v443 a

The braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae mainly comprises idiobiont ectoparasitoids of other insect larvae. In recent years, however, members of a few genera have been discovered to be associated with galls from various unrelated host plant families, with some of these being gall inducers whereas others are suspected as being predators of gallers. Because of their considerable morphological differences, these gall-associated taxa traditionally have been placed in separate tribes or even in other subfamilies. In this study, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships among representatives of a number of different doryctine genera, including five of its seven gall-associated genera using two genetic markers. Here we analyzed the length-variable 28S sequence data based on secondary structure both excising the unalignable regions and recoding them according to indel length. In addition, multiple alignments were carried out with a range of gap-opening and extension parameters. The combined (28S+CO1) phylogenetic hypotheses obtained, both excluding and recoding the unalignable regions, recover a clade comprising the five gall-associated genera, and most of the analyses using multiple alignments also support this relationship. These results support a scenario in which secondary phytophagy evolves from initially attacking primary gall-forming hosts. The relationships recovered are also more congruent with a model that explains the macroevolution of insect plant association in the Doryctinae as reflecting geographic proximity rather than host plant relationships. Further, our phylogenetic hypotheses consistently show that one of the main morphological features employed in the higher level classification of the Doryctinae is actually highly homoplastic.

10aBraconidae10acharacter evolution10acyclostome10aDoryctinae10amolecular phylogeny10amultiple alignment10asecondary structure alignment1 aZaldivar-Riveron, A.1 aBelokobylskij, S.A.1 aRegagnon, Leon1 aMartinez, J.J.1 aBriceño, R.G.1 aQuicke, D.L.J. uhttps://doryctinaekey.myspecies.info/node/928