@article {1941, title = {Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of generic diagnostic morphological features in the doryctine wasp tribe Rhaconotini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)}, journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger}, volume = {279}, year = {2019}, pages = {164-171}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

The doryctine tribe Rhaconotini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a cosmopolitan group of parasitoid wasps\ that currently comprises 13 valid genera. Despite the extensive taxonomic studies carried out for this\ tribe, its generic limits are still unclear due to the considerable variation of its diagnostic morphological\ features. Here we assessed the evolutionary relationships among representative species of eight rhaconotine\ genera based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. We also performed ancestral\ character reconstruction analyses of morphological features that are diagnostic at the genus level and\ assessed the times of origin and main diversification events in the tribe. The Rhaconotini was significantly\ supported as monophyletic. The widely distributed, speciose genus Rhaconotus Ruthe as well as\ Ipodoryctes Granger were recovered as non-monophyletic. Rhaconotus species with five visible metasomal\ tergites were nested in a single clade with the monotypic Aptenobracon Marsh, which also has this\ morphological feature. Most Rhaconotus species with six or more visible tergites were intermingled with\ other Oriental and Afrotropical genera that share this condition. The ancestral character reconstruction\ analyses of the remaining morphological features showed that they probably were gained and lost\ repeatedly during the evolution of the group. The origin and early diversification events in the Rhaconotini\ were estimated to occur during the late Eocene to mid-Miocene. Our results highlight the\ importance of assessing the evolution of diagnostic morphological features to improve the supraspecific\ classification of insect taxa with extensive morphological homoplasy.

}, keywords = {Braconidae, Homoplasy, molecular phylogeny, Rhaconotini, Rhaconotus}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcz.2019.02.002}, author = {J.M Jasso-Martinez and S.A. Belokobylskij and A. Zaldivar-Riveron} } @article {1025, title = {Phylogeny of the genera of the parasitic wasps subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on morphological evidence.}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {142}, year = {2004}, pages = {369-404}, abstract = {

The evolutionary relationships among most (143 genera) of the currently recognized genera of the braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae were investigated using maximum parsimony analysis, employing 100 characters from external morphology and four additional, less well-studied character systems (male genitalia, ovipositor structure, venom apparatus and larval cephalic structure). We investigated the \‘performance\’ of characters from external morphology and the other character systems and the effects of abundant missing entries by comparing the data decisiveness, retention and consistency indices of four different character partitions. The results indicate that the performances of the different partitions are not related to the proportions of missing entries, but instead are negatively correlated to their proportion of informative characters, suggesting that the morphological information in this group is subject to high levels of homoplasy. The external morphological partition is significantly incongruent with respect to a data set comprising the other character systems based on the ILD test. Analyses supported neither the monophyly of the large tribes Doryctini and Hecabolini, nor the monophyly of the Spathiini and Heterospilini. Relationships obtained from successive approximation weighting analysis for the complete data differ considerably from the currently accepted tribal and subtribal classifications. The only exceptions were the Ypsistocerini and the Ecphylini, whose recognized members were recovered in single clades. A close relationship between the Binaerini and Holcobraconini, and also Monarea, is consistently supported by venom apparatus and ovipositor structure characters but is not indicated by external morphological data. Low bootstrap values obtained for most of the recovered clades in all analyses do not allow us to propose a meaningful reclassification for the group at this time. A complete list of the recognized genera and their synonymies is given.

}, keywords = {classification, consistency index, data decisiveness, insect, retention index, systematics}, author = {S.A. Belokobylskij and A. Zaldivar-Riveron and D.L.J. Quicke} } @article {43, title = {Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan parasitic wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera:Braconidae)}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematic}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, pages = {345-363}, abstract = {

The phylogenetic relationships among representatives of 64 genera of the cosmopolitan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Doryctinae were investigated based on nuclear 28S ribosomal (r) DNA (~650 bp of the D2\–3 region) and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial (mt) DNA (603 bp) sequence data. The molecular dating of selected clades and the biogeography of the subfamily were also inferred. The partitioned Bayesian analyses did not recover a monophyletic Doryctinae, though the relationships involved were only weakly supported. Strong evidence was found for rejecting the monophylies of both Doryctes Haliday, 1836 and Spathius Nees, 1818. Our results also support the recognition of the Rhaconotini as a valid tribe. A dispersal\–vicariance analysis showed a strong geographical signal for the taxa included, with molecular dating estimates for the origin of Doryctinae and its subsequent radiation both occurring during the late Paleocene\–early Eocene. The divergence time estimates suggest that diversification in the subfamily could have in part occurred as a result of continental break-up events that took place in the southern hemisphere, though more recent dispersal events account for the current distribution of several widespread taxa.

}, keywords = {28S, COI}, author = {A. Zaldivar-Riveron and S.A. Belokobylskij and Leon-Regagnon, V. and R.G. Brice{\~n}o and D.L.J. Quicke} }